Billion Essays

Category: Paragraphs

  • Social Policy

    Social problems are tackled by the application of social policies. A social policy refers to the plans and actions of national local governments and various voluntary agencies designed to solve social problems and improve the life chances the citizens living in it.

  • Social Problems

    Social problems are matters that are in some way harmful to members of the society, and that need something to be done to sort them out or the social balance would collapse, causing a chaos in the society. They cause difficulty, resentment and instability in the society and harm its individuals.

  • Racism

    Racism is believing or acting as though an individual or a group is superior or inferior on the grounds of racial or ethnic origins, usually based on skin colour or other physical characteristics, and suggesting that groups defined as inferior have lower intelligence and abilities.

  • Stereotype

    A stereotype is a generalized, over simplified view of the features of a social group, allowing for a few individual differences among its members. The assumption that all members of the group share the same features, attitudes and behavioural similarities.

  • Hidden Curriculum

    “The Hidden Curriculum” refers to the attitude and behaviour which is taught through the school’s organisation and teacher’s attitudes but which are not part of the formal timetable.

  • Social Control

    Social control is the process of persuading or enforcing individuals to conform to the values and norms of a society.

  • Role Conflict

    Role Conflict is the conflict that arises between the successful performances of two or more roles at the same time.

  • Consumer Goods

    Consumer goods are products and services that people buy to satisfy their need and desires, such as food, clothes, furniture etc.

  • Identity

    Identity is about how individuals see and define themselves and how other people in their sociological environment see or define them.

  • Culture

    Culture refers to the language, beliefs, values and norms, customs, roles, knowledge and skills which combine to make up the way of life of any society.

  • Social Term : Objectivity

    Objectivity means approaching topics with an open mind, avoiding any king of bias, and being prepared to submit research evidence that could prove the research of sociologists of the past, wrong.

  • Social Term : Value Freedom

    “Value Freedom” is the idea that the personal beliefs and prejudices of the sociologist should not be allowed to influence the way research is carried out and evidence is interpreted.

  • Socialization

    Process by which individuals acquire the knowledge, language, social skills, and value to conform to the norms and roles required for integration into a group or community. It is a combination of both self-imposed (because the individual wants to conform) and externally-imposed rules, and the expectations of the others.

  • Roles

    Roles are the patterns of behaviour which are expected from people in a society.

  • Norms

    Norms are social rules which define correct or appropriate behaviour in a society or group.

  • Values

    Values are general beliefs about what is right and what is not.

  • Customs

    Customs are social behavioural rules that have existed for a long time.

  • Social Institutions

    Social institutions are the various social arrangements which are found in all societies. For example, the family is an institution which is concerned with arrangements for marriage, such as at what age people marry, whom they can marry and how many partners they can have, and the upbringing of children.

  • Sociology

    Sociology is the systematic study of human groups and social life in modern societies. It is concerned with the study of social institutions.

  • How far and in what ways are families in the modern industrial societies as important as they were in the past?

    It is believed that the importance of families have faded in the modern industrial societies due to modernisation, It is said that with modernisation individual and professional lives are considered more important. They said people who first were living traditionally now live liberally and open-mindedly. Despite all the changes in the norms, family is still one of the most important social institution. Living as a nuclear family or as an extended family, family has it’s own significance.

  • Social Control

    Social control is the social process of persuading or forcing individuals to conform to the values and norms. There are two types of social control; formal and informal. Formal social control is that in which the law is used to force people to follow the norms and understand the values of the society. Agencies of formal social control are; police, courts and prison. Informal social control in which people are ethically forced to fit into the norms and respect the values. Agencies of informal social control do not have social control as their main purpose of operation e.g; family. Family is the source of primary socialisation and teaches a child the difference between good and evil and teaches him/her the importance of the culture and norms. Hence, when a child obeys his/her family he/she also practices social control.

  • Role Conflict

    Role conflict is a scenario in which the same person has to play several roles at the same time. A perfect example of role conflict is a working mother in a serial packet family system, who not only manages the work but also the household. She plays the role of a mother, a wife and an employee at the same time.

  • Socialisation

    Socialisation is the process of learning by interacting within social institutions. There are two types of socialisation; primary and secondary. Primary socialisation is the basic and initial socialisation of a child. It is the one within the social institution of family i.e; parents, siblings, grandparents and other relatives. Secondary socialisation is when a child steps out into the society as an individual and interacts with people beyond the family. It usually begins at school, the institution of education. Such interaction is with teachers and the peer group.

  • Promotion and Types of Promotion.

    Promotion is the publicizing of a product, organization, or venture so as to increase sales or public awareness. Companies/firms promote their business and product in order to introduce a new product onto the market or increase sales of an existing product, improve the business’s image and to compete with other companies/firms. There are two types of promotions; informative and persuasive. Informative promotion is the type which attempts to give information about the product or service in an impressive sounding way. Usually when a product or service is launched, it is promoted through informative promotions. Persuasive promotion attempts to target the audience by establishing a needs of the product/service.
    Promotion is done by sales promotion, advertising media or public relations. Sales promotion is when a company/firm launches different schemes over the product/firm. A few common sales promotion methods are discounts, gifts, vouchers, after sale services and credit. Advertising media is the most commonly used method of promotion. Businesses use different types of advertising media depending on their promotion budget. For example, a company with a high budget would use all print, broadcast and visual media. A company with relatively lesser budget would rather use broadcast media, but one with a low budget might only afford print media. Public relations is a department often in large companies that makes sure that any new stories about the company and its products is in good light. For example, companies sometimes carry out news events about their own company, which can either be positive or negative which may result in only promotion of the company and its products. In public relations, a company uses product placements. It is when company pays television and film companies to use their product in their films and TV shows.

  • Product Life Cycle

    Alike anything a product also has a life cycle. A product life cycle has five stages, introduction, growth, maturity, saturation and decline. Introduction is the most difficult and expensive stage. It is when the product has to launch itself and has a small market; having lesser sales and lesser profit. However, growth stage is when the business gains more profit and expands itself. Saturation is when a product has made a mature position in the market and gain consistent profit. However, there is a decline stage, where a product starts to shrink. It could be through other competition or because the product might be outdated.

  • Marketing Mix: 4Ps of Marketing.

    A marketing mix is the combination of product, price, place and promotion in order to make a perfect product. In order to start a business, the producer needs to create a product, which fits the needs the needs and wants of the people. While creating a product many product decisions are to be made, and these decisions put an affect on the marketing mix. Before putting a product in the market, pricing is very important. Major consideration in pricing is the costing of the product, the advertising, marketing expenses, any price fluctuations in the market and distribution costs etc. Changes in pricing put a major effect on the marketing mix. Place where the product is to be sold or the distribution channel where the product is sold. Distribution has a huge effect on the profitability of a company, hence a major effect on the marketing mix. Promotions in the marketing mix includes the complete integrated marketing communications. Promotions are dependent a lot on the product and pricing decision. All these 4Ps of the marketing mix, create a product. Taking note of all these factors, creates a perfect product.

  • Mass Marketing and Niche Marketing.

    Mass marketing is a way of business marketing in which a business targets the entire market with one basic market strategy. Mass marketing is difficult to start up but it is an easily profitable marketing scheme. It also saves time, as the business doesn’t have to change it’s schemes with time. As it targets mass media, promotion of the product/ service can be easier. However, it is expensive. And it may be outdated which the changes in the marketing environment.
    Niche marketing or micro-marketing is a type of business marketing in which a business targets a small group of concentrated consumers. As compared to mass marketing, niche marketing has lesser competition. As niche marketing targets a concentrated it is successful to provide what the consumers want, and can easily brand loyalty. However, it is hard to gain profit and expand with such a marketing strategy.

  • Market Research: Primary Research and Secondary Research.

    Market research is the systematic gathering and interpretation of information about individuals or organisations using statistical and analytical methods and techniques of the applied social sciences to gain insight or support decision making. There are two types of market research; primary and secondary market research. Primary research is the research carried out to answer specific questions, and is conducted by the researcher himself/herself. Such a research can be conducted via questionnaires, surveys and interviews. Secondary research is the type of research which is made on the basis of information by previously made researches, e.g:reports by the government, newspapers, journals, magazines, and radio and TV stations.

  • Communication: Effective communication and barriers.

    Communication can be defined as the process by which a message is exchanged from a sender to a receiver. It can be either internal or external. Internal communication is the one one done within the business, and external is the one done outside the business. Internal communication is very important as it ensures that all employees follow the same goal, and it is also used to motivate employees to increase productivity. Examples of internal communication are; Formal meetings and briefings, e-mail, conference calls & webinars, message boards and training packs (e.g. induction materials). External communication is made in order to keep contact with the stakeholders. It can be made through press releases, social media feeds, marketing materials (e.g. adverts, brochures, direct mailings), published financial information (e.g. accounts), letters, emails and telephone conversations with customers and suppliers and reports to government and other agencies.
    Effective communication is one of the most important factors, for a successful business. However, there are some barriers that hinder effective communication. Communication through a wrong channel. There are several channels for communication, but not all cannot be used, in all situations. Business which fail to communicate according to the situations, face failure. For effective communication, ensuring that the message is understood is very important. Communication is not only delivering a message/ information, but also ensuring that it is understood by the receiver. In a process of communication, the receiver holds immense importance as it is the target audience. If a business doesn’t receive a feedback from the receiver, it may also be a barrier to effective communication. While communicating the audience needs are also supposed to be met in order to keep it effective. Businesses often communicate messages to employees without understanding the employees’ level of awareness, understanding or concern about a particular issue. This may result in ignorance of the topic of concern. In order to keep communication effective, it should take care of the needs, feedback and understanding of the audience.

  • Try Your Favorite Activity

    We all have favorite activities that we enjoy,we should keep trying our favorite activity.It refreshes our mind and releases work stress.It helps you to maintain your mental health.we all do different kinds of activities in our spare time.Some of us do sports,other listen to music.sports and other activities keep you fit mentally and physically.After doing your favorite activity you can do your job with high levels of energy.The persons who do their favorite activities are less susceptible to depression,anxiety and other psychiatric problems.They are more active in their routine life.

  • Girls Schools Gaining Popularity

    All girls schools have been gaining popularity in recent years because of the believe that girls learn better when they are not competing with or intimidated by boys,who statistically get more attention in the classroom.I believe when opposite sexes study together they are not able to fully focus their studies.Moreover both feel comfortable in separate school systems.Girls feel more safe among their gender rather than opposite.Girls are more shy therefore they can not ask all kind of questions to their teachers in the presence of boys so they can not learn much.

  • Volunteer Time for NGOs

    Humanity means to give hands to others while they are in need,to feel their pain and help them out.A true human is one who is a source of happiness for others.When you help someone you feel happiness and satisfaction.So everyone should volunteer their time to non-profitable organizations,church or other charitable venues.Whenever you would be in trouble others will also help you.Every religion demands their followers to help others.You can help others with your time and resources.

  • Giving Monthly Allowance to children

    I strengthen the argue that parents should give weekly or monthly allowance to their children so that they can fulfill their needs.By receiving allowance they would learn how to spend their money and how to manage their needs within their budget.There are some children who are too shy to ask their parents for money so the parents should acknowledge their needs and give them money.Meanwhile parents should keep an eye on their children whether they are spending this money for good purpose or not.While spending this money they learn how to deal with other people.

  • Human cloning

    Human cloning is a repugnant idea.This is against the nature.Every one in this world is special and if there would be a copy of him he will no more be special.I strongly believe that humans should not create humans.That is a job of God.So we should not mess with nature.Moreover there are many religious and ethical issues creating a clone.If we use this method to create humans,what is the whole point of sex then?We are able to do sex because we have to reproduce.If cloning is commercialized then this world would be a dangerous place to live in.Militants can use cloning and would be able to create many copies for terrorist activities.So the research on cloning should be stopped immediately.

  • Up Bringing of Orphans

    Up bringing of orphans is a very noble cause.Many of them deprive of shelter,food,education and other basic necessities.When they saw other children of their age enjoying every facility and love and care from their parents they feel themselves very pity and unlucky.As a result of this deprivation they lack confidence and suffer from many psychiatric problems.They are the major target of child labour.So the people who are blessed with wealth they should spend some of their money on the up bringing of these innocent children.They also deserve shelter,good food and education.Government should build shelter homes and schools for these children.So that they could make themselves a good citizen.If government will not allocate funds for the well being of these children,there are strong chances of them being used in criminal activities.

  • Importance of Field Trips for Students

    Field trips are also a part of academic activities,some people think that it is just a trip for the enjoyment and fun of students but actually students get many information from these kinds of expeditions.These tips improve the the professional skills and mental level of students.These activities make the students more creative and informative than any other activity.So at all levels of education system the institutions should arrange regular field trips to make their students more efficient.

  • Advantages and Disadvantages of Multinationals

    Multinationals are the businesses or companies that operate in several countries. A multinational has more access to costumers and deal with the international market of goods and services. Multinationals have a wider scope of growth as it helps manage the exports and imports, they have more exports and lesser imports. The investment level, employment level, and income level of the country increases due to the operation of multinationals. The level of industrial and economic development increases due to the growth of multinational companies.
    However, establishing a multinational is very difficult, as it has to deal with international laws and politics. It is a very risky business because the company has to understand the needs and wants of people from different areas. As multinationals operate in different countries a large sums of money flow to foreign countries as payment towards profit which results in less efficiency for the host country.Transfer of capital also takes place from the home country to the foreign country which is unfavorable for the economy.

  • Joint Ventures and Franchises.

    Joint ventures and franchising is a widely spread form of businesses. A franchise is a business based on the use of brand names, promotional logos and trading methods of an existing successful business. In franchising, the franchisee buys the licence to operate the business from the franchisor; e.g: McDonalds. A franchise has many advantages and disadvantages. The franchise is bought to promote a brand name, which benefits the franchisor. The franchisor also benefits as the business expands rapidly, the management and labour is the responsibility of the franchisee and all products sold are to be obtained from the franchisor. It benefits the franchisee, as it has a certain brand image, which reduces the chances of business failure, the franchisor pays for advertising, all supplies are obtained from the franchisor, lesser management is required as important business decisions are taken by the franchiser and the banks are willing to give loans due to relatively less risk. It also has some disadvantages. Once a franchise is established, it represents a brand and mismanagement of an outlet may result in bad reputation of the brand. In a franchise, the franchisee keeps the profit which is a disadvantage for the franchisor. For a franchisee, it doesn’t have complete independence to run the business and also has to pay the licence fees, to the franchisor.
    A joint venture is a collaboration between two businesses/companies on a new project. In a joint venture, both companies equally share the profit and loss, and equally invest in the project. However, a joint venture may end up in disagreement of the venture partners over ways of running the business and decision making.

  • Experiments on animals

    Medical researchers,cosmetic companies and others often perform experiments on animals.Many people do feel that experimentation on animals is wrong and should be stopped immediately because animals do feel pain.In all over the world animal right activists are working hard to give awareness about the rights of animals and their behavior towards animals.In veterinary universities animals are used for experiments and in these experiments many of them lose their life and undergo severe pain.Animals are speechless,they cannot express their feelings.Animals are being killed at large scale to get their skin for making shoes,garments and ornaments.Many pharmaceutical firms conduct trials of new drugs on animals which is violation of animal rights.This killing and experiments should be stopped immediately.

  • Increased Competition and it’s impact.

    With continuous growth of private business sector, competition in business is increasing rapidly as well. Businesses aim to have increasing profits, market share, and sales volume by varying the elements of the marketing mix: price, product, distribution, and promotion Competition results from scarcity and when many companies strive to reach the what consumers want. Competition impacts the price a company charges charge as it is limited by the extent of the competition. The range of services and the nature of the product is also influenced.

  • E-Commerce: Benefits and Drawbacks.

    E-Commerce is a digital market where goods and services are sold. It has many benefits and drawbacks too. It is an easier and convenient way, and people use it to save time and energy. People can also compare prices, instantly, and can invest in the better and economic product. It is beneficial for both supplier and consumer as it has instant payment techniques. However, people don’t trust online shopping or e-commerce as they don’t want to invest into a completely unknown company. People can also not feel the products and test quality and gave to trust the claims made by the companies themselves. As a whole, in the modern age, e-commerce is a convenient source of shopping.

  • Tv violence effect on society

    yes I agree that TV violence has a negetive effect on society because it promotes violence.TV impacts on minds are so strong that if a person spend one hour in front of TV he will think in the same way as media guide him,his thoughts are hijacked by the media,if media on air violence actions taking place in the world the individual would be agressive in his daily life,therefore the media transmissions are sensored in developed countries to eradicate voilence from their societies.In this way media plays a positive role in nation building in these countries.

  • Interest Rate

    Interest rate is the cost of borrowing. Interest rate usually set on loans by banks. Interest rate is determined the rate of demand and supply, rate of inflation and decisions of the government.If there is an increase in the demand for credit, the interest rates will increase, while a decrease in the demand for credit will decrease interest rate. An increase in the supply of credit will reduce interest rates while a decrease in the supply of credit will increase the rate. Inflation is a major component effecting the interest rate, the higher the inflation the higher the interest rate due to the increase in demand of credit by lenders/ the bank. At the end, the government is the one deciding the increase or decrease in the interest rate, as it handles the monetary policies.

  • Private and Public Sectors of a Business

    A business is divided in two sectors, private sector and public sector. Private sector is the ones that is owned and run by private people and government doesn’t interfere in it. Organisations in this sector are profit intensive. Public sector is the one run and owned by the government. Organisations working under the public sector are consumer intensive as they are set up to provide public services and are a part of economic development of a country.

  • Stakeholders in a Business

    Stakeholders are the individuals that are affected by business activity and are interested in it. A business has internal and external stakeholders. Internal stakeholders are the people or groups who work directly in a business, e.g employees, owners and investors etc. External stakeholders are the individuals or groups that are not a direct part of the business but are somehow affected by it. Example of external stakeholders are suppliers, society, government, shareholders, creditors and costumers.

  • Objectives of a Business and their importance.

    Business objectives are the set aims and goals of a business. A business is always set up in order to gain profit. If a business is successful in gaining profit, it is considered a successful one. Productivity is also a major objective of a business, which includes employee training, equipment maintenance and new equipment purchases. Once established, growth, marketing, brand establishment, costumer loyalty and core values are the other significant feature of a business.

  • Features Of a Capitalist Economy

    A capitalist economy can be defined as one in which the economy is in hands of private individuals or corporations. This system is based on self-interest and profit motifs. In a capitalist economy people have the access to private ownership of property, which include machines, implements, mines and factories as well. The government doesn’t decide the price of goods and service, but the price mechanism is handled by private people by the interaction of demand and supply. Production under this system is consumer oriented, and anyone has the authority to set up a private enterprise. The capitalist economy is considered the most democratic system of economy, as it pushes people to be self efficient to gain more profit.

  • The Break-even Chart

    A break-even chart is a line graph used in break-even analysis to estimate when the total sales revenue will be equal to the total costs, or the point where loss will end and profit will begin to accumulate. Usually, the number of units are plotted on horizontal ‘X’ axis and total sales dollars on vertical ‘Y’ axis. The point where the two lines or curves intersect is called the break-even-point. The break-even chart is also called the break-even graph

  • The 4P’s of Marketing

    The marketing mix is a business tool used in marketing and by marketers. The marketing mix is often crucial when determining a product or brand’s offer, and is often associated with the four Ps:

    ▪️ Price: What the price of the product should be.
    ▪️ Product: A product that satisfies the wants and needs of the consumers.
    ▪️ Place: Where the product or service should be sold.
    ▪️ Promotion: Ways to let consumers know that that product or service exists and can be bought.

  • Equilibrium Price, Equilibrium in the Market

    The equilibrium price is where the supply of goods matches demand or the price at which the quantity of a product offered is equal to the quantity of the product in demand. Equilibrium is the state in which market supply and demand balance each other and, as a result, prices become stable. Generally, when there is too much supply for goods or services, the price goes down, which results in higher demand. The balancing effect of supply and demand results in a state of equilibrium.