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Urbanisation is a process by which people living villages and shifting towards cities for better resources of life.People always shifted that areas where resources are abundances and life are easy. Some people think that urbanisation like a disease, but i would like to explain both the aspects of issues.
Those people who lived in urban areas have a lot of opportunities to work and easily find jobs of their own interest. As for as rural areas are not have basic necessities of lifes.For example, there have no universities and colleges in village so, students faced problem about their careers eventually they shift to big cities.Usually there are not hospitals in countryside so, people faced problems in treatment of their family members. A lot of other factors to forced people to leave their home to shift to cities.
There are some problems to shifting in cities. Crime and unemployment are common in big cities. People those come from villages are very hard to find the jobs. they worked very low salary. To find better accommodation are also a big issue in big cities. Pollution and traffic jam are common in cities but in people in rural areas are not faced liked that problem. Food are pure in the in villages.
It is responsibility of rural people to do farming when a lot of people are migrated towards cities food crises are create in all country.
In conclusion, i think that this is government responsibility to solve villagers problems. Governments provided hospitals and colleges in rural areas.

In our world people have different thinking about the students interest. Some believe that students whose nature and future interest are similar give admission in school, However the other think that school are opened for every children. I totally agreed that second one views that students of different interest put them same school.
First of all, if students have interested in various fields then other students gained knowledge about of different fields that knowledge may be helped them to make future career. sometimes pupils are confused about their future interest so, they discuss and share their problem with their class fallows and eventually solve their problems.
We know that students always share ideas and interest with their class
friends. For example, if teacher ordered to make a group project then even in a group every student takes one task. some are good in hardware some are best in software and some have ability to make presentation so in a group they divided their work to own interest. After completing their project they discuss with each other gain their knowledge. However, if institutes give admission of similar interest that pupils are competed each other and try to perform better then other classmates.
In conclusion, I thinked that school should be opened for every children of various interests that helped them to makes them better career.

Parents play an important role in any person’s life. They are the one with whom children spend most of their childhood. Parents gave there everything for the nourishment of their child. It is believed that children are impression of their parents and they are responsible for their activities. Parents are mostly castigated about their child’s unacceptable activity.
A new born baby is like a white paper in this world he does not know anything about this world. Children are not mature they pursue different things from their environment like talking style, life style etc. It is saying that parents are first school in child’s life. His behavior will display how he has been nourished by his parents thus parents play a vital role to frame the character of their children.
Parents always give their best to ingrain good manners in their children but sometimes the child may misbehave. In building character of a child not only parents play their role there is also input of school where he spent his early days. Most of children learn fights and other abuses from schools where they encounter with others age fellows.
It’s unfair to put whole responsibility on parents and punish them. There is no law to punish anyone else on others behalf across the globe. Children should be questioned on their miss behavior and should be punish accordingly. Indeed their parents will feel embracement and feel down in front of their other people.

Sports activities are important to stay physically and mentally fit. Restricting sports classes form high school to keep students focused is not good approach. I encourage such sports activities at high schools that students should be mentally and physically strong

Students who used to spend longer time continuously studying cannot come up with fruitful outcomes. On the other hand students can give their hundred percent if they spend some time on physical activities. Students are not restricted to make careers in only medical, Engineering, commerce or any arts related fields. We have number of examples who made sports as their career and now they are earning lots of money as well as popularity.

Sports classes cannot detract students even these sorts of classes will teach them how to fight, tolerance and sports man sprit. Some students are lethargic and used to stay isolated from social and physical activities which may increase obesity. Sports classes at schools not only encourage them to participate in sports activities they also provide health and hygiene related tips.
Indeed high school student have higher work load like attending lectures, assignments, presentation and projects. They have to remain focused, study more and more to complete their high school education. Being pragmatic it’s impossible for any individual to remain focused for almost 6 to 7 hours continuously at school until and unless he does not have any other entertaining activities. In high school sports classes may be a tool for a students to get his concentration back by getting fresh.

Twenty years ago, Dr. field a noted anthropologist, visited the island of Tertia. Using an observation-centered approach…….interview-centered method

Capital punishment is a legal process, where a person is sentenced to death by the state as a punishment for capital crimes. Capital crimes in Pakistan may include murder, adultery by married person etc. Most of the countries of the world has now decided to abolish the capital punishment and almost every country has completely removed this punishment for people having age less than eighteen.

Capital punishment is requires due to following reasons, firstly, to set an example for others, Due to Capital punishment of criminals other people get cautious and stay away from these capital crimes. This will help in reducing the number of crimes and hence the number of criminals.

Secondly, it is a financial burden on the state to cater the expense of large amount of criminals for the remaining life in jails from the whole country. People due to poverty may also commit crimes to live under the shed of government expense and live their lives in jails (where the standard of living is higher than their living standard). For the security of these criminals, the state must provide trained soldiers to overlook the security so that criminals cannot escape, this is an additional cost which has to bear.

But on the contrary, we don’t have perfect judicial system on which we can rely upon completely. This may result in taking lives of innocent people. The prejudice behaviour of a judge due to bribing or not providing suffice evidence may give decision of court against the innocent person.

The family of beheaded person will always be finding a way to get revenge from the state which may result in the formation of terrorist groups. The Children of this person will fill desperate and if no one will finance them they will become poor. The children life will get into trouble.

Finally, to conclude my topic I would say that capital punishment should be there in order to remove the criminals from the society. It may affect few persons but the whole society will be relieved from most of criminals.

Capital punishment is a punishment in which a person who is involved in any sort of severe criminal act like murder will be sentence to death. This procedure is practice in number of countries across the globe. These sorts of punishment are brutal and needs to be abolished from our society. I condemn such punishment which takes human life because life is granted once.
Whenever any criminal charged with such punishment, as an ordinary person it could be justified by some evidence but there are number of other aspects. Such as the person who did not made such criminal action can be guilt on the basis of complex laws, there is also possibility of tempering actual evidence which cause the innocent person charged with punishment and lost their lives. There are number of examples in which innocent people lost their life due to capital punishment.
We are living in a society where we encounter with different people having either good or bad character thus such criminal acts are inevitable. In my opinion any authority or person has no right to take life of other people either legally or religiously. Because we all know how much important our life is and it is granted only once there is not second chance. Despite of giving death penalty to the guilty person it’s better to put him in a jail where he will be punished for his crime. Providing very bad life in jail, the criminal may realize about his guilt and he would learn a lesson.
There are not any perfect techniques to judge any person weather he/she is criminal or not. Because real criminals always find ways to set free from punishment by using complexities of legislation. This makes me stand against capital punishment.

The argument is comparing the spending pattern of middle aged customers and youngers. They claim that middle aged people spend more on department store product i.e 39% of their retail expenditure and the younger people spend only 25%. It suggests store managers to attract middle aged customers more than younger ones as middle aged customers will increase within next decade. This claim is somehow correct but it could be more persuasive if the comparison was made with the information about the sectors of age group in the area. For example, the middle aged people can be only 10% of the society and younger may be about 40%. So this missing information makes the argument vague and less persuasive.
In any business defining the target market is the most important and primary step. Market share of a certain target market is also very necessary to keep in view. Niche marketing is a good strategy but it requires massive amount of capital to be profitable. If your target market does not make a good market share then it becomes very hard to survive. Similarly market share of middle aged people and youth is different and it varies from area to area and country to country. Burgeoning companies mainly focus on the target market and their market share keeps on increasing. For example, in Pakistan McDonalds focuses more on kids, as the population of Paksitan is rapidly increasing so the market share of kids are increasing which has helped McDonalds to maintain a strong hold in the market.
Secondly the percentage given by the statement gives an unclear view of the issue. It asserts that middle aged people spend 39% of the retail expenditure on department store products. This percentage of expenditure cannot be generalized as the income level of people varies. 39% of the income of a person may be $800 and 25% of the income of any other person may be $2000. We cannot determine from the statement how much people spend by only a percentage. The store managers had made this report on very indistinct facts. It could be improved if the income level generally was presented of middle aged group and youth of the society.
The store managers want to take advantage of the trend by replacing the products which attract youth with the products for middle aged people because in future middle aged people will increase. This impractical proclamation is overlooking the fact the within next decade children will be turned into youth as well. This again depends on the society trends in some societies children are more than middle aged people and vice versa. This again cannot be taken as a broad view unless age division in certain society is studied carefully.
This indistinct statement contains fallacious claims. The store managers should study the age division, market share of their target market and income level of their target market in order to compete more efficiently and to define long term plans, which eventually will make them better than their competitors.

Management of companies has always been a dissension throughout the world of business. Different organizations have varying opinions regarding the issue and of course based on solid reasons. While some believe that it is efficient to have a centralized organizational structure whereas others deduce that decentralization is the solution. In the preceding statement, the author claims that “closing down field offices and conducting all the operations from a single location would improve profitability”, although this might not be entirely false but the author has presented a rather poorly reasoned argument, based on groundless justifications and questionable assumptions, therefore this argument cannot be accepted as valid.

The principle issue with this argument is that there is absolutely no evidence to buttress the claim regarding the profitability. “When the company was operating from one location it was more profitable than it is today”, here the author made a bold claim favoring the centralized structure but in absence of any supporting evidence which appears to be more of a wild guess. There are countless other factors which constitute to the profitability of a company rather than just its organizational structure which the author fails to consider here. Additionally the author claims that when Apogee Company will revert back to its previous structure which is a centralized system, it will automatically start yielding profits by just cutting up costs and practicing enhanced employee supervision. Even if this is the case, the statement lacks any sort of legitimate evidence to strengthen the claim therefore rendering it objectionable.

Furthermore, the author has made several assumptions which remain controversial. The primary assumption being that in the past, the company was more profitable due to centralization which remains unproven; there could be numerous other reasons apart from merely having a centralized structure. In addition to this, it is also assumed that the company’s current organizational structure is the leading cause of its feeble profitability which also appears to be absurd without any competent reasoning. There can be multiple other bases for the current issue of profitability rather than just the company’s decentralized structure. Another baseless assumption made here is that changing the company’s structure back to a centralized one would lead to reduced costs and better employee supervision but on what grounds? There is no adequate rationale provided for the claim to be justified. The author has weakened his argument by making unreasonable assumptions and failing to provide decent explanation of a relation between company’s profitability and company’s organizational structure.

While the author’s argument may carry some weight in his assumptions and claims due to which it cannot be labeled as entirely incorrect. The statement would have carried more convincing prowess if the claims had sufficient supporting evidence such as company’s previous financial records proving the provided claims, future projections of the company’s profits or a cost-benefit analysis of the both centralized and decentralized organizational structures. Likewise, the assumptions in the statement would have been considered acceptable if they were proved either by detailed explication or by logical analysis. Although there are several flaws with author’s reasoning at present but with adequate evidential information and sufficient clarifications, this statement could be improved significantly.

In a coda, the author’s absurd argument stands on baseless premises and dubious assumptions that render his conclusion invalid and without merit. In order to make the argument more acceptable and more convincing the author should reevaluate his assumptions, restructure the whole argument, eliminate the loopholes, properly explicate his assumptions and provide sufficient evidential support. Without the mentioned alterations, the poorly reasoned argument will most likely convince very few, if any, people.

The statement presented in the annual reports has a conclusion drawn on baseless assumptions. It has been assumed that “costs of processing goes down because as organizations learn how to do things better, they become more efficient” which is not even close to the truth. The costs of processing do not automatically go down by itself which the author has carelessly assumed here. The costs have to be managed and kept under control, apart from this; there is no evidence what so ever that if a company is old enough then it must have its costs under control which itself is a bold assumption. Companies have cost control departments, cost control mangers and much more to keep everything profitable; one does not simply wait to let the costs go down automatically. There are many instances where the costs of processing has gone up over the period of time, take the automobile industry for example, their cost of processing did not go down over the years, in fact it increased due to rising steel prices and labor charges.
To support the absurd argument, the food processing sector is compared with the color film making sector, the two sectors massively differ from each other. In fact, they rarely possess anything similar to each other. Film making and food has nothing in common, the both sectors have different raw materials, workforce requiring totally separate types of skill and entirely different kind of target market. Entirely different kinds of methods apply to food processing industry as opposed to color film making. In order to make a fair comparison, some industry similar to food industry or even better, a company which is already present in the food industry ought to be compared with Olympic Foods rather than color film making. If a company in the similar field of business is used in comparison to support the given statement then it would carry a lot more weightage. Since there is no knowledge or evidence of such similar company or industry this given statement carry no more value than a personal opinion.
In a nutshell, in order to prove that Olympic Foods costs of processing will go down in the near future there need to be proper facts and figures to support the statement such as historical data of the company’s previous financial record or a detailed analysis of the cost projected for the future. Furthermore, a similar business sector should be compared to strengthen the argument rather than an unrelated random business sector.

Assignment.

The summation of the report is making an ambiguous comparison of two entirely different industries to behave similarly. The reasons given in the statements are not cogent enough to convince the reader that food processing industry will lower its processing cost just on the base of experience.

First of all it is not necessary the costs go down due to experience. There are many reasons of reduction of cost which are being ignored. For instance, old technology gets outdated and gets lower in demand that’s why price is reduced. Moreover, it is dependent on the inflation as well. Increase in the price of electricity will increase the cost of processing.

Secondly, the comparison is made with the color film processing which is altogether a different industry. The change in cost in that industry depends on the technology. As technology gets advanced it becomes more efficient and sometimes it affects otherwise i.e. it increases the cost as new technology when launched is expensive. So we cannot conclude that with time and change of technology prices become lower.

The figures in the example given are not showing the reduction of price as well. It says in 1970 cost was 50 cents for five day service and in 1984 cost was 20 cents per day. This shows increase in the price 5 day service would cost 100 cents. So the fact presented here is erroneous as well. This statement is very hard to believe and it is not at all convincing.

In the food industry costs depend on the raw material and it fluctuated on daily basis. No one can determine that cost will be lower and profits will be higher. This statement is highly decisive for the stake holders because long experience doesn’t necessarily means the better cost effectiveness.

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In the report presented to the board of directors, opinions are voiced regarding the responsibility of the recent falls of quality. It is suggested that the qualification of the purchasing department’s manager fall short on what is required, which leads to inefficient practices. In turn, the author feels that a more scientific minded individual from the research department would be a suitable candidate to handle the affairs more efficiently. While, the information provided should be taken seriously, there are obvious defects with the line of reasoning that should be analyzed as well.

Firstly, the author suggests that the falling revenues can be explained by the delays in manufacturing simply because the dates coincide. While, this certainly could be a reason, there is no proof presented. Additionally, there could be varying factors that could lead to reduced revenues that have little to do with manufacturing. Competition, availability of substitutes and market conditions all have an effect on the profitability of the firm. Unless a clear correlation between the revenue and manufacturing delays, or even the effects of internal failings, is researched by gathering evidence, such assumptions should not be made.

The author further goes on to say that poor planning in purchasing metals is plays a huge role in the manufacturing delay. This accusation is backed with no research in the matter. Purchasing metals is one process of manufacturing and all departments need to be looked at before a conclusion is drawn. Purchasing metals could simply be delayed due to the supplier’s own delay. In such a case, the purchasing department cannot be faulted and the company could simply change their supplier to fix the problem.

Using the arguments above, the author recommends that the purchasing department’s manager should be transferred to another department. It is stated that the manager is a capable with good business knowledge, psychology and sociology, and would do well in the sales department. However, part of being a good manager is knowing how to handle situations during problems. If the manager thought there was a problem, then he could simply delegate it to the more knowledgeable person or take help from them. However, replacing a manager with the scientist will not be suitable, as managers are more suitable for running managerial tasks. A scientist might not be able to adept to running a managerial department. Thus, his skills would fail in the purchasing department.

In conclusion, the author fails to provide a convincing argument that would convince the board of directors to enact the recommendation. A more valid argument would be backed by evidence and look at the problem in a broader way. Other departments and external environments should be looked at. Until then, any action against the purchasing department manager would be premature.

The announcement by a publisher in The Mercury, a weekly newspaper, seek to raise awareness about the current situation of the firm and provide a recommendation to rectify the current crisis. The publisher states that The Mercury has seen a decline in readership by 10,000 readers, and attributes the lowered popularity to its competitor’s pricing. The author states that low price of The Bugle is reason for the newspaper’s success and recommends The Mercury to follow in their steps. The reasoning of the publisher fails to provide a substantive case to support the recommendation.

First off, the publisher assumes that The Mercury’s decline in readership is a result of The Bugle’s low price. However, there is no evidence to support this theory, since no statistical evidence about the competitor’s overtime popularity. It is very possible that The Bugle could be facing the same issues, due to a decrease in readership of newspapers in general. The shift to other mediums, such as the internet, could be the real reason behind the lowered readership. The publisher has failed to take other mediums of getting news, which are considerably faster than a weekly newspaper, into account. Hence, the assumption of the lowered popularity due to The Bugle or the expensive price is just an assumption based on little evidence.

Secondly, the publisher claims that the reduction in price would lead to an increase in circulation, and in return, advertiser. However, reducing the price could have the opposite effect. Readers and advertisers might see the price reduction as a degradation of standards, and might lose interest. Cheaper is usually associated with cheaper in price and quality, a trait that The Mercury would not benefit from. Thus, reduction in price would probably be damning for the newspaper, rather than a profitable strategy.

In addition, advertisers in particular don’t simply sell us their adverts just for random max exposure to the public. Many advertisers prefer to advertise in newspapers that cater to their niche audience that represent their target market. More circulation dilutes the niches a newspaper can cater to, making it less appealing for major advertisers that would go for smaller newspapers that still match their customer profiles.

The publisher gives the impression that by simply increasing their circulation, advertisers and success would come knocking after, but provides little factual research to validate their proposal as beneficial. A more in-depth research into the newspaper niche and the audience The Mercury caters to, would help identify the problems the company faces. Only after the source of the problems are identify, can be company come up with a strategy to battle its lowered readership. However, as it stands, the publisher does not provide a convincing argument and further research is needed before any decisions regarding price are made.

A recommendation in the form of a memorandum is presented by the city’s council for reallocation of the art budget to fund public television instead. The basis for their argument is that while the attendance of museums has seen a rise due to the visual arts programs on television, public television is threatened by budget cuts that would put an end to these shows—lowering museum goers. Their advice is to invest in a more profitable field: Public Television. This argument fails to be convincing for a couple of reasons.

Firstly, it is assumed that the 15% increase in number of museum goers has a link to the visual arts programs on television. While, the statement may be true, it is possible that the increase in museum goers, could simply be a result of museum advertising, tourism increase or a general interest in arts by the citizens. It is difficult to correlate the percentage of museum attendees that not only watch art programs, but visited the museum as a result of it. Much like the age old question, “What came first; the chicken or the egg?”; a cause-and-effect relationship cannot be established with the current information.

Additionally, the quoted researches have a difference of 5 years, and unless the same group of individuals are asked the same questions with differing answers, it is difficult to state the change as a solid fact regarding the change in viewership. The first group could have fewer art lovers than the second one. Had the second one filled out the previous survey, the results could have been much different.

Lastly, there is a demand of visual arts programs on television. While the quoted study states a 15% increase in the last 5 years, no information of the total number of people interested in visual arts programs is given. Also, there is an increasing demand for such programs. If the supply if cut off, people would visit more museums as a result of the shortage. Advertisers and television stations would be forgo profits, if the increase in funding for public television came at the cost of funding for the arts.

In conclusion, the argument lacks the evidence that could make the council’s case stronger. Had the memorandum been backed by statistical information, such as by conducting a survey of how many people would encourage the recommendation, the argument would have been stronger. As it is right now, it lacks the quantitative evidence needed to make an educated decision about the funds allocation.

In the memo sent by Apogee’s business department, a strong concern for the business’ well-being and profitability is voiced, along with a recommendation to help minimize the cost. The business department feels that closing down the company’s field offices and reverting back to its former single office operation, is the best way to increase profitability. They argue this positive outcome could be effectively achieved by cutting costs and improving employee supervision. However, there are a few flaws within the presented argument.

The business department associates its small operation to be the reason for its profitability, but aside from the empirical claim, there is no evidence given about how different the profitability in terms of expenses has been over the course of its development. It is possible that a few thousands of losses might be a huge loss for the company back in the day, but now, a few thousands could be a necessary expense for advancement and progress. In addition, costs aren’t the only factor that affects profitability. So, their view that having a single location is the only way to achieve profitability, is an oversimplification of the problem.

Aside from not being backed by factual research, it could simply be impractical for the company to take jump back to its former position. Apogee’s expansion would have resulted in an increase in clients. A smaller firm would not be able to cater to the larger client base covered by multiple field offices. In addition, competitors could simply take advantage of the company’s restructuring and snatch a few accounts from Apogee, which would add to their losses.

Thirdly, the business department supports their recommendation by listing lowered costs and greater supervision to be a great way to increase profitability. As stated above, not only will the business be suffering losses from its loss of market hold, profitability is influenced by several factors. Leadership and management styles, if inefficient, could be a result of lowered profitability. But, in such a case, fixing the problem, instead of reverting back to a better time, would be less costly and more beneficial for the company. It would help them learn for the future and ensure that their business runs strong for decades to come—no matter how much expansion is done by the firm in order to gain more market share.

Hence, while the company might be going through hard times, shutting down their field offices without analyzing the real reason behind real costs, would be an expense the company might not be able to survive. The current argument could be made stronger by providing statistical proofs and trajectories of future growth, as well as coming up with a strategy on how reverting back to its single-form would be taken on. Until then, the company should be weary about implementing any such change that could result in greater losses than they are currently suffering.

In their 25th annual report, Olympic Foods provides a positive outlook to its stockholders through discussion of its battle plan for the future. In it, the frozen food company talks about how it aims to increase its profitability using the theory of economies of scale; whereby, the cost of production goes down with time. While the company may very well be able to gain profitability as it describes, there are a few assumptions and explanations made in the report that make their argument weak.
Firstly, Olympic Foods assumes that economies of scale would occur as a result of their experience. While, the company might be learning internally, there are a lot of factors that affect profits. In addition, there is no proof to the claims of learning provided by Olympic Foods. So, it is very possible that instead of economies of scale, diseconomies might occur that might lower profitability by increasing costs of production.
Secondly, the example mentioned in the report talks about a comparison between the food industry and the film processing industry; however, it adds little supporting evidence to the argument. A film processing industry cannot be used to substantiate a claim within the food industry. A lot could have changed for the film industry, such as an increase in demand, newer technologies for the field or other productive efficiency increases. Advantages that could not be applied to the food industry or anyone outside the film processing industry. Likewise, there could be expenses within the food industry that the film industry does not have to deal with. There is no link between the two industries and thus, this comparison should be considered invalid.

Thirdly, Olympic foods considers its longer experience a means for cost minimization and profit maximization. But, there are two fallacies in this statement. Olympic food celebrates its twenty-fifth year, but there is no way to know where on the life cycle the company is currently present. So, the company’s long experience could simply be a start of their journey. After all, there are many companies well over 100 years in business that are still going as strong as ever. Additionally, lowering costs does not always result in maximization of profits. Factors such as competition and availability of substitutes, affect profitability of companies.
While the predictions made by Olympic Foods could be true, there are no proofs provided by the company to back their claims. A more wholesome report would contain more valid correlations and statistical evidence, as well as the learning mechanism used within the firm in order to boost profitability and lower costs. Until then, it is unlikely that stockholders would get reassurance reading through this current report.

The growth of modern technologies has significantly changed the lifestyles of people. Things such as books, which were once difficult to obtain, are now conveniently accessible. The internet has brought with it a new development known as e-books. E-books are electronic books which are readily available online, and are slowly surpassing traditional books.

In the past decade, it can be observed that more and more people are opting for this simple alternative of downloadable books. Whether they are novels or academic books, people have found that it is far easier to download an online copy of the reading on their computers and Smart phones, rather than to carry a physical book. Moreover, electronic books are usually free and are just a click away. Many companies and businesses have emerged on the internet and are making the most of this tool. For example, Amazon.com is a virtual bookstore that deals in new and used books. People, especially students, are benefitting greatly from this affordable invention as each year they spend hundreds of dollars on paper-based books. Not only is the physical burden of carrying books around lessened, they are also relieved a little from the financial stress that comes with paying for schools and colleges.

Nevertheless, the surge in electronic books has not had an impact on the popularity of public libraries. Many people, children in particular, still enjoy and prefer visiting and borrowing books from libraries. As children are in their growing stages, parents feel that reading off from a computer and looking at the computer screen for longer periods of time adds strain to their eye muscles. This can be a contributing factor in developing weaker eyesight as they are already subjected to radiation emitted from televisions.

Although old things have a charm of their own, we cannot deny the handiness of books available on the internet. The world is rapidly adapting to and capitalizing on tools such as online books after assessing its benefits, which means that slowly, conventional forms of reading will be redundant.